TED-Ed
Season 2018
TV-PG
Various intellectual subjects are presented in animation.
Where to Watch Season 2018
111 Episodes
- How to manage your time more effectively (according to machines) - Brian ChristianE1
How to manage your time more effectively (according to machines) - Brian ChristianHuman beings and computers alike share the challenge of how to get as much done as possible in a limited time. Over the last fifty or so years, computer scientists have learned a lot of good strategies for managing time effectively — and they have a lot of experience with what can go wrong. Brian Christian shares how we can use some of these insights to help make the most of our own lives. Lesson by Brian Christian, animation by Adriatic Animation - Emma Bryce: How does the immune system work?E3
Emma Bryce: How does the immune system work?Inside you, a daily battle is being waged and your immune system is at the frontline. Most of the time, you may not even notice it's there, but over the course of your life your immune system will guard you against hundreds of potentially fatal threats. Emma Bryce explores the different components of this system and how, together, they do their vital work. [Directed by Felipe Grosso & Odirlei Seixas, narrated by Addison Anderson, music by Vadeco Schettini]. - Can you solve the dark coin riddle? - Lisa WinerE7
Can you solve the dark coin riddle? - Lisa WinerYou heard the travelers’ tales, you followed the maps, and now, you’ve finally located the dungeon containing a stash of ancient coins. The good news: the wizard who owns the castle has generously agreed to let you have the coins. The bad news: he’s not quite as generous about letting you leave the dungeon ... unless you solve his puzzle. Can you solve it and get out alive? Lisa Winer shows how. Lesson by Lisa Winer, animation by Artrake Studio - The surprising reason birds sing - Partha P. MitraE15
The surprising reason birds sing - Partha P. MitraA brown thrasher knows a thousand songs. A wood thrush can sing two pitches at once. A mockingbird can match the sounds around it — including car alarms. These are just a few of the 4,000 species of songbirds. How do these birds learn songs? How do they know to mimic the songs of their own species? Are they born knowing how to sing? Partha P. Mitra illuminates the beautiful world of birdsong. Lesson by Partha P. Mitra, animation by TED-Ed. - The myth of Thor's journey to the land of giants - Scott A. MellorE16
The myth of Thor's journey to the land of giants - Scott A. MellorThor – son of Odin, god of thunder, and protector of mankind – struggled mightily against his greatest challenge yet: opening a bag of food. How had the mighty god fallen so far? Scott Mellor tells the myth of Thor's journey to Utgard. Lesson by Scott A. Mellor, animation by Rune F.B. Hansen. - The weird and wonderful metamorphosis of the butterfly - Franziska BauerE18
The weird and wonderful metamorphosis of the butterfly - Franziska BauerIn order to become a butterfly, a caterpillar’s body dissolves almost completely and is rebuilt from its own juices. Butterflies are just a few of the 800,000 insect species that transition from larvae to adults through complete metamorphosis. But how exactly does this process work? Franziska Bauer explains how these squishy larvae emerge as armored, aerodynamic, and nimble adults. Lesson by Franziska Bauer, animation by Avi Ofer. - The myth of King Midas and his golden touch - Iseult GillespieE19
The myth of King Midas and his golden touch - Iseult GillespieIn Greek mythology, King Midas is known as a rogue ruler whose antics bemused his people and irritated the Gods. Many know the classic story of Midas's golden touch, but the foolish king was also known for his unusual pair of ears. Iseult Gillespie shares the myth of King Midas. Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, animation by TED-Ed. - Why should you read "The Handmaid's Tale"? - Naomi R. MercerE20
Why should you read "The Handmaid's Tale"? - Naomi R. MercerMargaret Atwood's speculative fiction masterpiece "A Handmaid's Tale" explores the consequences of complacency and how power can be wielded unfairly. Atwood’s chilling vision of a dystopian regime has captured readers' imaginations since its publication in 1985. How does this book maintain such staying power? Naomi R. Mercer investigates. Lesson by Naomi R. Mercer, directed by Phuong Mai Nguyen. - The science of skin - Emma BryceE21
The science of skin - Emma BryceBetween you and the rest of the world lies an interface that makes up 16% of your physical weight. This is your skin, the largest organ in your body: laid out flat, it would cover close to 1.7 square metres of ground. But besides keeping your organs in, what is its purpose? Emma Bryce takes us into the integumentary system to find out. Lesson by Emma Bryce, animation by Augenblick Studios. - A day in the life of an ancient Athenian - Robert GarlandE22
A day in the life of an ancient Athenian - Robert GarlandIt’s 427 BCE, and the worst internal conflict ever to occur in the ancient Greek world is in its fourth year. Athens is facing a big decision: what to do with the people of Mytilene, a city on the island of Lesbos where a revolt against Athenian rule has just been put down. How did these kinds of decisions get made? Robert Garland outlines a day in the life of Athenian democracy. Lesson by Robert Garland, animation by Zedem Media. - Cannibalism in the animal kingdom - Bill SchuttE23
Cannibalism in the animal kingdom - Bill SchuttUntil recently, scientists thought cannibalism was a rare response to starvation or other extreme stress. Well-known cannibals like the praying mantis and black widow were considered bizarre exceptions. But now, we know they more or less represent the rule. Bill Schutt shows how cannibalism can promote the survival of a species by reducing competition, culling the weak, and bolstering the strong. Lesson by Bill Schutt, animation by Compote Collective. - Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul ManningE25
Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul ManningEach day, the animal kingdom produces roughly enough poop to match the volume of water pouring over Victoria Falls. So why isn’t the planet covered in the stuff? You can thank the humble dung beetle for eating up the excess. Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning explain how these valiant insects make quick work of an endless stream of feces. Lesson by Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning, animation by Anton Bogaty. - What causes body odor? - Mel RosenbergE29
What causes body odor? - Mel RosenbergMost of us don’t need more than one whiff to identify that generally unpleasant, characteristic smell we call body odor. But it’s a surprisingly complex phenomenon, influenced by our genetic makeup, age, diet, and hygiene. So what is this odor, exactly? Where does it come from? And can we do anything about it? Mel Rosenberg dives into the stinky science of body odor. Lesson by Mel Rosenberg, animation by Els Decaluwe. - The rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire - Leonora NevilleE30
The rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire - Leonora NevilleMost history books will tell you that the Roman Empire fell in the fifth century CE, but this would’ve come as a surprise to the millions who lived in the Roman Empire through the Middle Ages. This Medieval Roman Empire, today called the Byzantine Empire, began when Constantine, the first Christian emperor, moved Rome's capital. Leonora Neville details the rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire. Lesson by Leonora Neville, animation by Remus & Kiki. - The Cambodian myth of lightning, thunder, and rain - Prumsodun OkE31
The Cambodian myth of lightning, thunder, and rain - Prumsodun Ok"Moni Mekhala Ream Eyso" is the most sacred dance drama in Cambodia. It is performed every year in the buong suong ceremony, and explains the origins of lightning, thunder and rain according to the Khmer people. Prumsodun Ok tells this empowering tale that still enlightens our world today. Lesson by Prumsodun Ok, animation by Silvia Prietov. - Dan Kwartler: What causes headaches?E32
Dan Kwartler: What causes headaches?In ancient Greece, the best-known remedy for a long-standing headache was to drill a small hole in the skull to drain supposedly infected blood. Fortunately, doctors today don't resort to power tools to cure headaches, but we still have a lot to learn about this ancient ailment. Dan Kwartler shares what we know (and don't know) about headaches. [Directed by Sharon Colman, narrated by Addison Anderson, music by Miguel d'Oliveira]. - The surprising reasons animals play dead - Tierney ThysE33
The surprising reasons animals play dead - Tierney ThysFrom lemurs to lizards, ants to amphibians, sharks to chickens, hundreds of animals "play dead" as a survival tactic. But how and why do animals do this? Tierney Thys explains how this curious behavior, known as tonic immobility or TI for short, can be used as a defense or offense. Lesson by Tierney Thys, animation by Stretch Films Inc. - How the world's first metro system was built - Christian WolmarE35
How the world's first metro system was built - Christian WolmarIt was the dawn of 1863, and London's not-yet-opened subway system — the first of its kind in the world — had the city in an uproar. Most people thought the project, which cost more than 100 million dollars in today's money, would never work. So how did they do it? Christian Wolmar explains how the London Underground was built at a time when no one had built a railway under a city before. Lesson by Christian Wolmar, animation by TED-Ed. - Why can't you divide by zero? - TED-EdE36
Why can't you divide by zero? - TED-Edn the world of math, many strange results are possible when we change the rules. But there’s one rule that most of us have been warned not to break: don’t divide by zero. How can the simple combination of an everyday number and a basic operation cause such problems? Lesson by TED-Ed, animation by Nick Hilditch. - The rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire - Marian H FeldmanE37
The rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire - Marian H FeldmanBefore the sun never set on the British Empire; before Genghis Khan swept the steppe; before Rome extended its influence to encircle the Mediterranean Sea; there was ancient Assyria. Considered by historians to be the first true empire, Assyria’s innovations laid the groundwork for every superpower that has followed. Marian H Feldman details the rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire. Lesson by Marian H Feldman, animation by Naghmeh Farzaneh. - How do brain scans work? - John Borghi and Elizabeth WatersE38
How do brain scans work? - John Borghi and Elizabeth WatersAs far as we know, there’s only one thing in our solar system sophisticated enough to study itself: the human brain. But this self-investigation is challenging because a living brain is shielded by skull, swaddled in tissue, and made up of billions of tiny cells. How do we study living brains without harming their owners? Elizabeth Waters and John Brorghi explain how EEGs, fMRIs, and PETs work. Lesson by Elizabeth Waters and John Borghi, animation by Joash Berkeley. - Which is stronger: Glue or tape? - Elizabeth CoxE39
Which is stronger: Glue or tape? - Elizabeth CoxThe oldest glue in the world is over 8,000 years old and comes from a cave near the Dead Sea. Today, we have enough types of tape and glue to build and repair almost anything. But what gives glue and tape their stickiness? And is one stronger than the other? Elizabeth Cox explores the world of adhesives. Lesson by Elizabeth Cox, animation by Sinbad Richardson. - How to build a dark matter detector - Jenna SaffinE40
How to build a dark matter detector - Jenna SaffinMore than 2 kilometers below the surface of northern Ontario, suspended in 345,000 liters of ultra-pure water, there’s a perfect sphere. Scientists continuously monitor this chamber, looking for a glimmer of light in the darkness. Why? Because that light would indicate the presence of one of the universe’s greatest mysteries: dark matter. Jenna Saffin describes how this dark matter detector works. Lesson by Jenna Saffin, animation by TED-Ed. - How does hibernation work? - Sheena Lee FahertyE41
How does hibernation work? - Sheena Lee FahertyThe Arctic Ground Squirrel hibernates by burrowing under the permafrost and slipping into a state of suspended animation. The female black bear can give birth while she hibernates. The fat-tailed dwarf lemur prepares to hibernate by storing its fat reserves in its tail - doubling its body weight. Why do these animals go to such extremes? Sheena Lee Faherty details why animals hibernate. Lesson by Sheena Lee Faherty, animation by Rémi Cans. - What causes constipation? - Heba ShaheedE42
What causes constipation? - Heba ShaheedVisiting the bathroom is part of the daily human experience. But occasionally, constipation, a condition that causes a backup in your digestive system, strikes. In some especially uncomfortable cases, the food you eat can take several days to exit your body. What's behind this unsettling phenomenon? Heba Shaheed takes us into the digestive system to find out. Lesson by Heba Shaheed, animation by Augenblick Studios. - When will the next ice age happen? - Lorraine LisieckiE44
When will the next ice age happen? - Lorraine LisieckiThroughout Earth’s history, climate has varied greatly. For hundreds of millions of years, the planet had no polar ice caps. Without this ice, the sea level was 70 meters higher. At the other extreme, about 700 million years ago, Earth became almost entirely covered in ice, during an event known as “Snowball Earth.” What causes these swings in the planet’s climate? Lorraine Lisiecki investigates. Lesson by Lorraine Lisiecki, animation by CUB Animation. - How squids outsmart their predators - Carly Anne YorkE45
How squids outsmart their predators - Carly Anne YorkThere are about 500 species of squid, and they live in all the world’s oceans, making them a reliable food source for whales, dolphins, sharks, seabirds, fish - and even other squid. As a result, the squid's most extraordinary adaptations are those that have evolved to help them thwart these predators. Carly Anne York explains how these stealthy cephalopods have mastered deep sea survival. Lesson by Carly Anne York, animation by Jérémie Balais and Reza Riahi. - Why do we sweat? - John MurnanE46
Why do we sweat? - John MurnanThere are a number of scenarios that can make us sweat–including exercise, eating spicy foods, and nervousness. But how does this substance suddenly materialize, and what exactly is its purpose? John Murnan explores the science behind sweat. Lesson by John Murnan, directed by Dogzilla Studio. - The journey to Pluto, the farthest world ever explored - Alan Stern
E47The journey to Pluto, the farthest world ever explored - Alan SternAs of 1989, mankind had successfully sent craft to every known planet in the solar system except one: Pluto. Located in an mysterious region called the Kuiper Belt, Pluto is a scientific goldmine, and could hold clues to the formation of our solar system. Alan Stern explains how NASA's New Horizons mission is going to allow us to see Pluto for the first time. Lesson by Alan Stern, animation by Eoin Duffy. - Noa Kageyama and Pen-Pen Chen: How to stay calm under pressureE48
Noa Kageyama and Pen-Pen Chen: How to stay calm under pressureYour favorite athlete closes in for a win; the crowd holds its breath, and at the crucial moment ... she misses the shot. That competitor just experienced the phenomenon known as "choking," where despite months, even years, of practice, a person fails right when it matters most. Why does this happen, and what can we do to avoid it? Noa Kageyama and Pen-Pen Chen explain why we choke under pressure. [Directed by Olesya Shchukina, narrated by Pen-Pen Chen, music by Stephen LaRosa]. - What is dust made of? - Michael MarderE50
What is dust made of? - Michael MarderLess than a tenth the size of an ant, a dust mite’s whole world is contained in the dusty film under a bed or in a forgotten corner. This realm is right under our noses, but from our perspective, the tiny specks of brilliant color blend together into a nondescript grey. What are these colorful microscopic particles? Michael Marder explores the science of dust. Lesson by Michael Marder, animation by Mette Ilene Holmriis. - Are naked mole rats the strangest mammals? - Thomas ParkE51
Are naked mole rats the strangest mammals? - Thomas ParkWhat mammal has the social life of an insect, the cold-bloodedness of a reptile, and the metabolism of a plant? Bald and buck-toothed, naked mole-rats may not be pretty, but they are extraordinary. Thomas Park explains how mole rats' peculiar traits have evolved over millions of years to make them uniquely suited to survive harsh conditions - especially long periods without oxygen. Lesson by Thomas Park, animation by Chintis Lundgren. - Why is it so hard to cure ALS? - Fernando G. VieiraE52
Why is it so hard to cure ALS? - Fernando G. VieiraAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also called motor neuron disease and Lou Gehrig’s Disease, affects about two out of every 100,000 people worldwide. When a person has ALS, their motor neurons - the cells responsible for all voluntary muscle control in the body - lose function and die. Fernando G. Vieira shares what we know (and don't know) about ALS. Lesson by Fernando G. Vieira, animation by Artrake Studio. - Can you solve the penniless pilgrim riddle? - Daniel FinkelE53
Can you solve the penniless pilgrim riddle? - Daniel FinkelAfter months of travel, you’ve arrived at Duonia, home to the famous temple that’s the destination of your pilgrimage. The walk from the welcome center to the temple isn't a long one ... but there’s a problem. Can you outsmart the city's imposed tax and make it to the temple without paying a fee? Daniel Finkel shows how. Lesson by Daniel Finkel, animation by Artrake Studio. - Would you live on the moon? - Alex Gendler
E54Would you live on the moon? - Alex GendlerThe European Space Agency is hoping to establish an inhabited research base on the moon by the 2020s. But living in this "moon camp" won’t be easy. How will humans deal with the cosmic radiation? What will the inhabitants eat? And what's the point, anyway? Alex Gendler details the challenges and benefits of building a lunar colony. Lesson by Alex Gendler, animation by Allen Laseter. - How one scientist averted a national health crisis - Andrea ToneE55
How one scientist averted a national health crisis - Andrea ToneIn 1960, Frances Kelsey was one of the Food and Drug Administration’s newest recruits. Before the year was out, she would begin a fight that would save thousands of lives — though no one knew it at the time. Andrea Tone explains how Kelsey was able to prevent a massive national public health tragedy by privileging facts over opinions, and patience over short-cuts. Lesson by Andrea Tone, animation by TED-Ed. - The Irish myth of the Giant's Causeway - Iseult GillespieE57
The Irish myth of the Giant's Causeway - Iseult GillespieOn the coast of Northern Ireland, a vast plateau of basalt slabs and columns called the Giant’s Causeway stretches into the ocean. The scientific explanation for this is that it’s the result of molten lava contracting and fracturing as it cooled in the wake of a volcanic eruption. But an ancient Irish myth has a different accounting. Iseult Gillespie recounts the Giant's Causeway myth. Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, animation by Dylan Glynn. - What causes insomnia? - Dan KwartlerE58
What causes insomnia? - Dan KwartlerWhat keeps you up at night? Pondering deep questions? Excitement about a big trip? Stress about unfinished work? What if the very thing keeping you awake was stress about losing sleep? This seemingly unsolvable loop is at the heart of insomnia, the world’s most common sleep disorder. So what is insomnia? And is there any way to break the cycle? Dan Kwartler details the science of insomnia. Lesson by Dan Kwartler, animation by Sharon Colman. - Did the Amazons really exist? - Adrienne MayorE59
Did the Amazons really exist? - Adrienne MayorIt was long assumed that Amazons, the fierce and fearsome women warriors of Greece, were imaginary. But curiously enough, stories from ancient Egypt, Persia, the Middle East, Central Asia, India and China also featured Amazon-like warrior women. And Amazons were described in ancient historical accounts, not just myths. Who were the real women warriors known as Amazons? Adrienne Mayor investigates. Lesson by Adrienne Mayor, animation by Silvia Prietov - The science of hearing - Douglas L. OliverE60
The science of hearing - Douglas L. OliverThe ability to recognize sounds and identify their location is possible thanks to the auditory system. That’s comprised of two main parts: the ear, and the brain. The ear’s task is to convert sound energy into neural signals; the brain’s is to receive and process the information those signals contain. To understand how that works, Douglas L. Oliver follows a sound on its journey into the ear. Lesson by Douglas L. Oliver, animation by Cabong Studios. - How do your hormones work? - Emma BryceE61
How do your hormones work? - Emma BryceOver our lifetimes, our bodies undergo a series of extraordinary metamorphoses: we grow, experience puberty, and many of us reproduce. Behind the scenes, the endocrine system works constantly to orchestrate these changes. Emma Bryce explains how this system regulates everything from your sleep to the rhythm of your beating heart, exerting its influence over each and every one of your cells. Lesson by Emma Bryce, animation by Daniel Gray. - The psychology of post-traumatic stress disorder - Joelle Rabow MaletisE62
The psychology of post-traumatic stress disorder - Joelle Rabow MaletisMany of us will experience some kind of trauma during our lifetime. Sometimes, we escape with no long-term effects. But for millions of people, those experiences linger, causing symptoms like flashbacks, nightmares, and negative thoughts that interfere with everyday life. Joelle Rabow Maletis details the science behind post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. Lesson by Joelle Rabow Maletis, directed by Tomás Pichardo-Espaillat. - How much of what you see is a hallucination? - Elizabeth CoxE63
How much of what you see is a hallucination? - Elizabeth CoxA condition called Charles Bonnet Syndrome can cause blind patients to hallucinate scenes in vivid color. fMRI studies show that these hallucinations activate the same brain areas as sight — areas that are not activated by imagination. Other hallucinations also involve the same brain areas as real sensory experiences. What's going on? Elizabeth Cox details the science of hallucinations. Lesson by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Nerdo. - Can you solve the Mondrian squares riddle? - Gordon HamiltonE64
Can you solve the Mondrian squares riddle? - Gordon HamiltonDutch artist Piet Mondrian’s abstract, rectangular paintings inspired mathematicians to create a two-fold challenge. Can you solve the puzzle and get to the lowest score possible? Gordon Hamilton shows how. Lesson by Gordon Hamilton, directed by Anton Trofimov - Are there universal expressions of emotion? - Sophie ZadehE65
Are there universal expressions of emotion? - Sophie ZadehThe 40 or so muscles in the human face can be activated in different combinations to create thousands of expressions. But do these expressions look the same and communicate the same meaning around the world regardless of culture? Is one person’s smile another’s grimace? Sophie Zadeh investigates. Lesson by Sophie Zadeh, animated by Estúdio Bacuri - Why don’t poisonous animals poison themselves? - Rebecca D. TarvinE66
Why don’t poisonous animals poison themselves? - Rebecca D. TarvinThousands of animal species use toxic chemicals to defend themselves from predators. Snakes have blood clotting compounds in their fangs, the bombardier beetle has corrosive liquid in its abdomen and jellyfish have venomous, harpoon-like structures in their tentacles. But how do these animals survive their own poisons? Rebecca D. Tarvin details the strategies that protect animals from themselves. Lesson by Rebecca D. Tarvin, animation by Giulia Martinelli. - What is the coldest thing in the world? - Lina Marieth HoyosE67
What is the coldest thing in the world? - Lina Marieth HoyosThe coldest materials in the world aren’t in Antarctica or at the top of Mount Everest. They’re in physics labs: clouds of gases held just fractions of a degree above absolute zero. Lina Marieth Hoyos explains how temperatures this low give scientists a window into the inner workings of matter, and allow engineers to build incredibly sensitive instruments that tell us more about the universe. Lesson by Lina Marieth Hoyos, animation by Adriatic Animation. - How exactly does binary code work? - José Américo N L F de FreitasE68
How exactly does binary code work? - José Américo N L F de FreitasImagine trying to use words to describe every scene in a film, every note in a song, or every street in your town. Now imagine trying to do it using only the numbers 1 and 0. Every time you use the Internet to watch a movie, listen to music, or check directions, that’s exactly what your device is doing, using the language of binary code. José Américo N L F de Freitas explains how binary works. Lesson by José Américo N L F de Freitas, animation by Qa'ed Mai. - History vs. Augustus - Peta Greenfield & Alex GendlerE69
History vs. Augustus - Peta Greenfield & Alex GendlerHis reign marked the beginning of one of history’s greatest empires … and the end of one of its first republics. Was Rome’s first emperor a visionary leader who guaranteed his civilization’s place in history, or a tyrant who destroyed its core values? Peta Greenfield and Alex Gendler put this controversial figure on trial in History vs. Augustus. Lesson by Peta Greenfield & Alex Gendler, animation by Brett Underhill. - A day in the life of an ancient Egyptian doctor - Elizabeth CoxE70
A day in the life of an ancient Egyptian doctor - Elizabeth CoxIt’s another sweltering morning in Memphis, Egypt. As the sunlight brightens the Nile, Peseshet checks her supplies. Honey, garlic, cumin, acacia leaves, cedar oil -- she’s well stocked with the essentials she needs to treat her patients. Elizabeth Cox outlines a day in the life of an ancient Egyptian doctor. Lesson by Elizabeth Cox, animation by Echo Bridge. - The breathtaking courage of Harriet Tubman - Janell HobsonE71
The breathtaking courage of Harriet Tubman - Janell HobsonEscaping slavery; risking everything to save her family; leading a military raid; championing the cause of women’s suffrage; these are just a handful of the accomplishments of one of America’s most courageous heroes. Janell Hobson details Harriet Tubman's many fights for freedom. Lesson by Janell Hobson, directed by Yan Dan Wong. - How can you change someone's mind? (hint: facts aren't always enough) - Hugo MercierE72
How can you change someone's mind? (hint: facts aren't always enough) - Hugo MercierWhy do arguments change people’s minds in some cases and backfire in others? Hugo Mercier explains how arguments are more convincing when they rest on a good knowledge of the audience, taking into account what the audience believes, who they trust, and what they value. Lesson by Hugo Mercier, animation by TED-Ed - Did ancient Troy really exist? - Einav Zamir DembinE73
Did ancient Troy really exist? - Einav Zamir DembinWhen Homer’s Iliad was first written down in the eighth century BCE, the story of the Trojan war was already an old one. From existing oral tradition, audiences knew the tales of the long siege, the duels outside the city walls, and the trick that finally won the war. In the end, the city was burned to the ground, never to rise again. But had it ever existed? Einav Zamir Dembin investigates. Lesson by Einav Zamir Dembin, directed by Cabong Studios. - Why does your voice change as you get older? - Shaylin A. SchundlerE74
Why does your voice change as you get older? - Shaylin A. SchundlerThe human voice is capable of incredible variety and range. As we age, our bodies undergo two major changes which explore that range. So how exactly does our voice box work, and what causes these shifts in speech? Shaylin A. Schundler describes how and why our voices change when we get older. Lesson by Shaylin A. Schundler, directed by Andrew Foerster & Nick Counter. - Can you solve the rogue AI riddle? - Dan FinkelE75
Can you solve the rogue AI riddle? - Dan FinkelA hostile artificial intelligence called NIM has taken over the world’s computers. You’re the only person skilled enough to shut it down, and you’ll only have one chance. Can you survive and shut off the artificial intelligence? Dan Finkel shows how. Lesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Artrake Studio. - How the Normans changed the history of Europe - Mark RobinsonE76
How the Normans changed the history of Europe - Mark RobinsonIn the year 1066, 7,000 Norman infantry and knights sailed in warships across the English Channel. Their target: England, home to more than a million people. Around the same period of time, other groups of Normans were setting forth all across Europe. Who were these warriors, and how did they leave their mark so far and wide? Mark Robinson shares a brief history of the Normans. Lesson by Mark Robinson, directed by Echo Bridge. - What really happened to the Library of Alexandria? - Elizabeth CoxE77
What really happened to the Library of Alexandria? - Elizabeth Cox2,300 years ago, the rulers of Alexandria set out to fulfill a very audacious goal: to collect all the knowledge in the world under one roof. In its prime, the Library of Alexandria housed an unprecedented number of scrolls and attracted some of the Greek world’s greatest minds. But by the end of the 5th century CE, it had vanished. Elizabeth Cox details the rise and fall of this great building. Lesson by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Inna Phillimore - Zen kōans: unsolvable enigmas designed to break your brain - Puqun LiE78
Zen kōans: unsolvable enigmas designed to break your brain - Puqun LiHow do we explain the unexplainable? This question has inspired numerous myths, religious practices and scientific inquiries. But Zen Buddhists practicing throughout China from the 9th to 13th century asked a different question – why do we need an explanation? Puqun Li details the bewildering and ambiguous philosophical thought experiments these Buddhists called Zen kōans. Lesson by Puqun Li, directed by Cabong Studios - Why is Aristophanes called "The Father of Comedy"? - Mark RobinsonE79
Why is Aristophanes called "The Father of Comedy"? - Mark RobinsonAristophanes, often referred to as the Father of Comedy, wrote the world’s earliest surviving comic dramas. They're stuffed full of parodies, songs, sexual jokes and surreal fantasy -- and they’ve shaped how comedy’s been written and performed ever since. Mark Robinson shares a brief history of Aristophanes. Lesson by Mark Robinson, directed by Anton Bogaty. - Can you solve the Leonardo da Vinci riddle? - Tanya KhovanovaE80
Can you solve the Leonardo da Vinci riddle? - Tanya KhovanovaYou’ve found Leonardo da Vinci’s secret vault, secured by a series of combination locks. Fortunately, your treasure map has three codes: 1210, 3211000, and… hmm. The last one appears to be missing. Can you figure out the last number and open the vault? Tanya Khovanova shows how. Lesson by Tanya Khovanova, directed by Artrake Studio - What is imposter syndrome and how can you combat it? - Elizabeth CoxE81
What is imposter syndrome and how can you combat it? - Elizabeth CoxEven after writing eleven books and winning several awards, Maya Angelou couldn’t escape the doubt that she hadn’t earned her accomplishments. This feeling of fraudulence is extremely common. Why can’t so many of us shake feelings that our ideas and skills aren’t worthy of others’ attention? Elizabeth Cox describes the psychology behind the imposter syndrome, and what you can do to combat it. Lesson by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Sharon Colman. - Does stress affect your memory? - Elizabeth CoxE83
Does stress affect your memory? - Elizabeth CoxYou spend weeks studying for an important test. On the big day, you wait nervously as your teacher hands it out. You’re working your way through, when you’re asked to define "ataraxia." You know you’ve seen the word before, but your mind goes blank. What just happened? Elizabeth Cox details the complex relationship between stress and memory. Lesson by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Artrake Studio. - What is the universe expanding into? - Sajan SainiE84
What is the universe expanding into? - Sajan SainiThe universe began in a Big Bang nearly fourteen billion years ago, and has been expanding ever since. But how does the universe expand and what is it expanding into? Sajan Saini explains the existing theories around the Big Bang and what, if anything, lies beyond our universe. Lesson by Sajan Saini, directed by Wooden Plane Productions. - Can you solve the rebel supplies riddle? - Alex GendlerE85
Can you solve the rebel supplies riddle? - Alex GendlerYou’re overseeing the delivery of supplies to a rebel base in the heart of enemy territory. To get past customs, all packages must follow this rule: if a box is marked with an even number on the bottom, it must be sealed with a red top. One of the four boxes was sealed incorrectly, but they lost track of which one. Can you figure out which box it is and save the day? Alex Gendler shows how. Lesson by Alex Gendler, directed by Artrake Studio - Is there any truth to the King Arthur legends? - Alan LupackE86
Is there any truth to the King Arthur legends? - Alan LupackKing Arthur has risen again and again in our collective imagination, along with his retinue of knights, Guinevere, the Round Table, Camelot, and of course Excalibur. But where do these stories come from, and is there any truth to them? Alan Lupack traces the evolution of King Arthur. Lesson by Alan Lupack, directed by Patrick Smith. - How do cigarettes affect the body? - Krishna SudhirE87
How do cigarettes affect the body? - Krishna SudhirCigarettes aren’t good for us. That’s hardly news -- we’ve known about the dangers of smoking for decades. But how exactly do cigarettes harm us, and can our bodies recover if we stop? Krishna Sudhir details what happens when we smoke -- and when we quit. Lesson by Krishna Sudhir, directed by TED-Ed. - What would happen if every human suddenly disappeared? - Dan KwartlerE88
What would happen if every human suddenly disappeared? - Dan KwartlerHuman beings are everywhere. With settlements on every continent, we can be found in the most isolated corners of Earth’s jungles, oceans and tundras. Our impact is so profound, most scientists believe humanity has left a permanent mark on Earth’s geological record. So what would happen if suddenly, every human on Earth disappeared? Dan Kwartler investigates. Lesson by Dan Kwartler, directed by Globizco Studios - Why should you read Edgar Allan Poe? - Scott PeeplesE89
Why should you read Edgar Allan Poe? - Scott PeeplesThe prisoner strapped under a descending pendulum blade. A raven who refuses to leave the narrator’s chamber. A beating heart buried under the floorboards. Poe’s macabre and innovative stories of gothic horror have left a timeless mark on literature. But just what is it that makes Edgar Allan Poe one of the greatest American authors? Scott Peeples investigates. Lesson by Scott Peeples, directed by Compote Collective. - Could the Earth be swallowed by a black hole? - Fabio PacucciE90
Could the Earth be swallowed by a black hole? - Fabio PacucciFrom asteroids capable of destroying entire species to supernovae that could exterminate life on Earth, outer space has no shortage of forces that could wreak havoc on our planet. But there’s something in space that is even more terrifying than any of these -- something that wipes out everything it comes near. Fabio Pacucci examines the probability of Earth being gobbled up by a black hole. Lesson by Fabio Pacucci, directed by Astroplastique. - Can you solve the alien probe riddle? - Dan FinkelE91
Can you solve the alien probe riddle? - Dan FinkelYour team has developed a probe to study an alien monolith. It needs protective coatings — in red, purple or green — to cope with the environments it passes through. Can you figure out how to apply the colors so the probe survives the trip? Dan Finkel shows how. Lesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Anton Trofimov. - How much will you change in the future? More than you think - Bence NanayE93
How much will you change in the future? More than you think - Bence NanayTime and time again, we’ve failed to predict that the technologies of the present will change the future. Recently, a similar pattern was discovered in our individual lives: we’re unable to predict change in ourselves. But is there anything wrong with assuming that who we are now is who we will continue to be? Bence Nanay details the consequences of seeing ourselves as finished products. Lesson by Bence Nanay, directed by Stretch Films Inc. - What’s a smartphone made of? - Kim PreshoffE94
What’s a smartphone made of? - Kim PreshoffAs of 2018, there are around 2.5 billion smartphone users in the world. If we broke open all the newest phones and split them into their component parts, that would produce around 85,000 kg of gold, 875,000 of silver, and 40,000,000 of copper. How did this precious cache get into our phones--and can we reclaim it? Kim Preshoff investigates the sustainability of phone production. Lesson by Kim Preshoff, directed by Compote Collective. - Everything you need to know to read “The Canterbury Tales” - Iseult GillespieE95
Everything you need to know to read “The Canterbury Tales” - Iseult GillespieA portly Miller, barely able to sit on his horse, rambles on about the flighty wife of a crotchety old carpenter and the scholar she takes as her lover. This might sound like a bawdy joke, but it’s part of one of the most esteemed works of English literature ever created: The Canterbury Tales. Iseult Gillespie shares everything you need to know to read Geoffrey Chaucer’s classic collection. Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Anton Bogaty. - Can you still feel a limb that's gone? - Joshua W. PateE96
Can you still feel a limb that's gone? - Joshua W. PateThe vast majority of people who’ve lost a limb can still feel it — not as a memory or vague shape, but in complete lifelike detail. They can flex their phantom fingers and sometimes even feel the chafe of a watch band or the throb of an ingrown toenail. What causes these phantom limb sensations? Joshua W. Pate explains how the brain reacts to a missing limb. Lesson by Joshua W. Pate, directed by Kozmonot Animation Studio. - Ilan Stavans: Why should you read "Don Quixote"?E97
Ilan Stavans: Why should you read "Don Quixote"?Mounting his skinny steed, Don Quixote charges an army of giants. It is his duty to vanquish these behemoths in the name of his beloved lady, Dulcinea. There's only one problem: the giants are merely windmills. What is it about this tale of the clumsy yet valiant knight that makes it so beloved? Ilan Stavans investigates. [TED-Ed Animation by Avi Ofer]. - Can you solve the killer robo-ants riddle? - Dan FinkelE98
Can you solve the killer robo-ants riddle? - Dan FinkelThe good news is that your experimental robo-ants are a success. The bad news is that you accidentally gave them the ability to shoot deadly lasers … and you can’t turn it off. Can you stop them from escaping their habitat before the lasers are activated? Dan Finkel shows how. Lesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Artrake Studio. - History through the eyes of a chicken - Chris A. KnieslyE99
History through the eyes of a chicken - Chris A. KnieslyThe Ancient Egyptian king Thutmose III described the chicken as a marvelous foreign bird that “gives birth daily.” Romans brought them on their military campaigns to foretell the success of future battles. Today, this bird occupies a much less honorable position – on dinner plates. Chris Kniesly explains the evolving role of chickens throughout history. Lesson by Chris A. Kniesly, directed by Mark Phillips. - Why should you read "Waiting For Godot"? - Iseult GillespieE100
Why should you read "Waiting For Godot"? - Iseult GillespieTwo men, Estragon and Vladimir, meet by a tree at dusk to wait for someone named “Godot.” So begins a vexing cycle where the two debate when Godot will come, why they’re waiting and whether they’re even at the right tree. The play offers a simple but stirring question- what should the characters do? Iseult Gillespie shares everything you need to know to read the tragicomedy. Lesson by Iseult Gillespie, directed by Tomás Pichardo-Espaillat. - What if cracks in concrete could fix themselves? - Congrui JinE101
What if cracks in concrete could fix themselves? - Congrui JinConcrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. It can be found in swathes of city pavements, bridges that span vast rivers and the tallest skyscrapers on earth. But it does have a weakness: it’s prone to catastrophic cracking that has immense financial and environmental impact. What if we could avoid that problem? Congrui Jin explores how to create a more resilient concrete. Lesson by Congrui Jin, directed by Aeon Production. - Why can't some birds fly? - Gillian GibbE102
Why can't some birds fly? - Gillian GibbThough the common ancestor of all modern birds could fly, many different bird species have independently lost their flight. Flight can have incredible benefits, especially for escaping predators, hunting and traveling long distances. But it also has high costs: consuming huge amounts of energy and limiting body size and weight. Gillian Gibb explores what makes birds give up the power of flight. Lesson by Gillian Gibb, directed by Anton Bogaty. - The princess who rewrote history - Leonora NevilleE103
The princess who rewrote history - Leonora NevilleAnna Komnene, daughter of Byzantine emperor Alexios, spent the last decade of her life creating a 500-page history of her father’s reign called “The Alexiad.” As a princess writing about her own family, she had to balance her loyalty to her kin with her obligation to portray events accurately. Leonora Neville investigates this epic historical narrative. Lesson by Leonora Neville, directed by Els Decaluwe. - Does time exist? - Andrew Zimmerman JonesE104
Does time exist? - Andrew Zimmerman JonesThe earliest time measurements were observations of cycles of the natural world, using patterns of changes from day to night and season to season to build calendars. More precise time-keeping eventually came along to put time in more convenient boxes. But what exactly are we measuring? Andrew Zimmerman Jones contemplates whether time is something that physically exists or is just in our heads. Lesson by Andrew Zimmerman Jones, directed by Nice Shoes. - How rollercoasters affect your body - Brian D. AveryE106
How rollercoasters affect your body - Brian D. AveryIn 1895, crowds flooded Coney Island to see America’s first-ever looping coaster: the Flip Flap Railway. But its thrilling flip caused cases of severe whiplash, neck injury and even ejections. Today, coasters can pull off far more exciting tricks and do it safely. Brian D. Avery investigates what rollercoasters are doing to your body and how they’ve managed to get scarier and safer at the same time. Lesson by Brian D. Avery, directed by Stretch Films Inc. - The fascinating history of cemeteries - Keith EggenerE107
The fascinating history of cemeteries - Keith EggenerSpindly trees, rusted gates, crumbling stone, a solitary mourner: these things come to mind when we think of cemeteries. But not long ago, many burial grounds were lively places, with gardens and crowds of people -- and for much of human history, we didn’t bury our dead at all. How did cemeteries become what they are today? Keith Eggener delves into our ever-evolving rituals for honoring the dead. Lesson by Keith Eggener, directed by Remus & Kiki. - What causes heartburn? - Rusha ModiE108
What causes heartburn? - Rusha ModiHumans have been battling heartburn for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. But recently the incidence has risen, making it a common complaint worldwide. What causes this problem, and how can it be stopped? Rusha Modi details the causes and treatments of heartburn. Lesson by Rusha Modi, directed by Kozmonot Animation Studio. - Is fire a solid, a liquid, or a gas? - Elizabeth CoxE109
Is fire a solid, a liquid, or a gas? - Elizabeth CoxSitting around a campfire, you can feel its heat, smell the woody smoke, and hear it crackle. If you get too close, it burns your eyes and stings your nostrils. You could stare at the bright flames forever as they twist and flicker in endless incarnations… But what exactly are you looking at? Elizabeth Cox illuminates the science behind fire. Lesson by Elizabeth Cox, directed by Héloïse Dorsan Rachet. - How far would you have to go to escape gravity? - Rene LauferE110
How far would you have to go to escape gravity? - Rene LauferEvery star, black hole, human being, smartphone and atom are all constantly pulling on each other due to one force: gravity. So why don’t we feel pulled in billions of different directions? And is there anywhere in the universe where we'd be free of its pull? Rene Laufer details the inescapability of gravity. Lesson by Rene Laufer, directed by TED-Ed. - Can you solve the secret werewolf riddle? - Dan FinkelE111
Can you solve the secret werewolf riddle? - Dan FinkelYou’re on the trail of a werewolf that’s been terrorizing your town. After months of detective work, you’ve narrowed your suspects to one of five people. You’ve invited them to dinner with a simple plan: to slip a square of a rare antidote into each of their dinners. Unfortunately, you only have one square left. Can you divide it into perfect fifths and cure the werewolf? Dan Finkel shows how. Lesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Artrake Studio. - History vs. Henry VIII - Mark Robinson and Alex GendlerE112
History vs. Henry VIII - Mark Robinson and Alex GendlerHe was a powerful king whose break with the church of Rome would forever change the course of English history. But was he a charismatic reformer who freed his subjects from a corrupt establishment or a bullying tyrant who used Parliament for his own personal gain? Mark Robinson and Alex Gendler put this controversial figure on trial in History vs. Henry VIII. Lesson by Mark Robinson and Alex Gendler, directed by Brett Underhill. - The myth of Sisyphus - Alex GendlerE113
The myth of Sisyphus - Alex GendlerSisyphus was both a clever ruler who made his city prosperous, and a devious tyrant who seduced his niece and killed visitors to show off his power. While his violation of the sacred hospitality tradition greatly angered the gods, it was Sisyphus’ reckless confidence that proved to be his downfall -- resulting in Zeus condemning him for all eternity. Alex Gendler shares the myth of Sisyphus. Lesson by Alex Gendler, directed by Adriatic Animation. - What’s the smallest thing in the universe? - Jonathan ButterworthE114
What’s the smallest thing in the universe? - Jonathan ButterworthIf you were to take a coffee cup, and break it in half, then in half again, and keep carrying on, where would you end up? Could you keep on going forever? Or would you eventually find a set of indivisible building blocks out of which everything is made? Jonathan Butterworth explains the Standard Model theory and how it helps us understand the world we live in. Lesson by Jon Butterworth, directed by Nick Hilditch - Why is meningitis so dangerous? - Melvin SanicasE115
Why is meningitis so dangerous? - Melvin SanicasIn 1987, thousands of people gathered in Saudi Arabia for the annual Hajj pilgrimage. But what started out as a celebration led to a worldwide health crisis: more than 2,000 cases of meningitis broke out, spreading across Saudi Arabia and the rest of the world. How did it spread so quickly and what makes meningitis so dangerous? Melvin Sanicas examines how the disease affects our bodies. Lesson by Melvin Sanicas, directed by CUB Animation Studio. - David Lunney: The life cycle of a neutron starE116
David Lunney: The life cycle of a neutron starAbout once every century, a massive star somewhere in our galaxy runs out of fuel. No longer able to produce sufficient energy to maintain its structure, it collapses under its own gravitational pressure and explodes in a supernova. The death of that star is the birth of a neutron star: one of the densest known objects in the universe. David Lunney explores what, exactly, a neutron star is. [Directed by JodyPrody, narrated by Addison Anderson, music by Jody Ghani Nordby]. - Who decides what art means? - Hayley LevittE117
Who decides what art means? - Hayley LevittThere is a question that has been tossed around by philosophers and art critics for decades: how much should an artist's intention affect your interpretation of the work? Do the artist’s plans and motivations affect its meaning? Or is it completely up to the judgment of the viewer? Hayley Levitt explores the complex web of artistic interpretation. Lesson by Hayley Levitt, directed by Avi Ofer. - Can you solve the giant iron riddle? - Alex GendlerE118
Can you solve the giant iron riddle? - Alex GendlerThe family of giants you work for is throwing a fancy dinner party, but there’s a problem — the elder giant’s favorite shirt is wrinkled! To fix it, you’ll need to power up the giant iron. It needs two batteries to work, but the baby giant mixed the working battery pile with the dead pile. Can you test the batteries so that you get a working pair in seven tries or less? Alex Gendler shows how. Lesson by Alex Gendler, directed by Artrake Studio - Why should you read Kurt Vonnegut? - Mia NacamulliE119
Why should you read Kurt Vonnegut? - Mia NacamulliKurt Vonnegut found the tidy, satisfying arcs of many stories at odds with reality, and he set out to explore the ambiguity between good and bad fortune in his own novels. He tried to make sense of human behavior by studying the shapes of stories — ditching straightforward chronologies and clear-cut fortunes. Mia Nacamulli dives into the sometimes dark, yet hopeful works of Vonnegut. Lesson by Mia Nacamulli, directed by TED-Ed. - Can you solve the time travel riddle? - Dan FinkelE121
Can you solve the time travel riddle? - Dan FinkelYour professor has accidentally stepped through a time portal in his physics lab. You’ve got just a minute to jump through before it closes and leaves him stranded in history. Your only way back is to grab enough colored nodules to create a new portal to open a doorway through time. Can you take the right amount of nodules to get back to the present before the portal closes? Dan Finkel shows how. Lesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Artrake Studio - Are we running out of clean water? - Balsher Singh SidhuE122
Are we running out of clean water? - Balsher Singh SidhuDespite water covering 71% of the planet’s surface, more than half the world’s population endures extreme water scarcity for at least one month a year. Current estimates predict that by 2040, up to 20 more countries could be experiencing water shortages. These statistics raise a startling question: is the Earth running out of clean water? Balsher Singh Sidhu takes a closer look at water consumption. Lesson by Balsher Singh Sidhu, directed by Kozmonot Animation Studio - The dangerous race for the South Pole - Elizabeth LeaneE123
The dangerous race for the South Pole - Elizabeth LeaneBy the early 1900’s, nearly every region of the globe had been visited and mapped, with only two key locations left: the North and South Poles. After two Americans staked claim to reaching the North Pole, a Norwegian explorer and a British naval officer each set out for the last unmapped region in what newspapers called a “Race to the Pole.” Elizabeth Leane sets the scene for their journeys south. Lesson by Elizabeth Leane, directed by WOW-HOW Studio - Inside the killer whale matriarchy - Darren CroftE124
Inside the killer whale matriarchy - Darren CroftPods of killer whales inhabit the waters of every major ocean on Earth. Each family is able to survive thanks mainly to one member, its most knowledgeable hunter: the grandmother. These matriarchs can live 80 years or more and their expertise can mean the difference between life and death for their families. Darren Croft details the lives of killer whales and the dangers facing their survival. Lesson by Darren Croft, directed by Boniato Studio. - A brie(f) history of cheese - Paul Kindstedt
E125A brie(f) history of cheese - Paul KindstedtBefore empires and royalty, before pottery and writing, before metal tools and weapons – there was cheese. As early as 8000 BCE, Neolithic farmers began a legacy of cheesemaking almost as old as civilization. Today, the world produces roughly 22 billion kilograms of cheese a year, shipped and consumed around the globe. Paul Kindstedt shares the history of one of our oldest and most beloved foods. Lesson by Paul S. Kindstedt, directed by Charlotte Cambon - From enslavement to rebel gladiator: The life of Spartacus - Fiona RadfordE126
From enslavement to rebel gladiator: The life of Spartacus - Fiona RadfordSpartacus was enslaved — one of millions taken from territories conquered by Rome to work the mines, till the fields or fight for a crowd’s entertainment. Imprisoned for deserting the Roman Army, he and other enslaved people fought their way free and started a rebellion. How did an enslaved man become synonymous with freedom and courage? Fiona Radford delves into the life and legend of Spartacus. Lesson by Fiona Radford, directed by Kozmonot Animation Studio. - The sneakiest tricksters of the animal kingdom - Eldridge AdamsE127
The sneakiest tricksters of the animal kingdom - Eldridge AdamsA male firefly emits a series of enticing flashes. He hopes a female will respond and mate with him. A female from a different species mimics his patterns: by tricking the male, she lures him in -- and turns him into a meal. Where else do we see this kind of trickery in the animal kingdom? Eldridge Adams details the surprising complexity of how animals manipulate predators, prey and their rivals. Lesson by Eldridge Adams, directed by The Duke and the Duck. - Can you solve the troll’s paradox riddle? - Dan FinkelE128
Can you solve the troll’s paradox riddle? - Dan FinkelYou and your brother have discovered another realm and set off exploring the new wonderful world. Along the way, you see a troll catching creatures in an enormous net. The troll agrees to release the creatures if you can come up with a statement that is both truth and false. Can you come up with the correct sentence and force the troll to release them? Dan Finkel shows how. Lesson by Dan Finkel, directed by Artrake Studio